In finance school, you’re taught various models and theories that seem to explain how markets work. For example, the concept of “efficient markets” suggests that all available information is already reflected in stock prices. But in practice, market efficiency is a complex and often debatable topic. While markets may generally be efficient, they are also influenced by insider knowledge, institutional strategies, and human psychology — none of which are perfectly captured by academic models.

One of the major gaps is how financial theories can oversimplify complex systems. Take the idea of “ceteris paribus,” a Latin term meaning “all else being equal.” In economics, it’s used to isolate one factor in a model while assuming that everything else remains constant. However, in the real world, nothing ever stays the same — markets, consumer behaviour, and economic conditions are constantly in flux. Financial models that rely too heavily on this concept may lead to oversights in decision-making.